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Home › Publications › OHS Regulation › Guidelines Part 12

Guidelines Part 12

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Guidelines Part 12 Contents

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GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

  G12.2 Safeguarding requirements for dynamometers
  G12.3 Safeguarding requirement - Alternative standard
  G12.11 Operating controls (portable powered tools, mobile equipment)

GUARDING MECHANICAL POWER TRANSMISSION PARTS

  G12.20 Reach distance to overhead power transmission parts

CONVEYORS

  G12.28 Emergency stopping devices

POWER PRESSES, BRAKE PRESSES AND SHEARS

  G12.29 Standards
  G12.31 Exception for custom work

POWDER ACTUATED TOOLS

  G12.56 (and 4.3(1)&(2)) Use and service in accordance with manufacturer's instructions

MOBILE CHIPPERS

  G12.70 Panic bars on driven-feed chippers  

AUTOMOTIVE LIFTS AND OTHER VEHICLE SUPPORTS

  G12.74-1 Automotive lifts and other vehicle support standards - Evidence of compliance
  G12.74-2 Automotive lifts and other vehicle support standards - Applicable standards
  G12.76 Operation
  G12.77 Records
  G12.78 Inspection and testing

ABRASIVE BLASTING AND HIGH PRESSURE WASHING

  G12.102(1) Abrasive blasting cleanup

WELDING, CUTTING AND ALLIED PROCESSES

  G12.120 Reverse gas flow and flashback prevention
  G12.124 Respiratory protection and provision of ventilation for welding, cutting and allied processes

RAIL CAR MOVEMENT

  G12.168 Blue flag rule

Guidelines Part 12 - General requirements

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G12.2 Safeguarding requirements for dynamometers

Effective September 1999

The following safeguards are expected when testing a motor vehicle on a dynamometer:

1. Only qualified workers will operate vehicles and test equipment,
2. The vehicle being tested will be prevented from runaway by use of appropriate front-mounted idler safety rolls or by chaining or otherwise securing the vehicle to adequate anchor points,
3. Non-driving wheels will be adequately chocked,
4. Lateral drift will be prevented, particularly when testing a front wheel drive vehicle,
5. Drive wheel and tires will be examined to ensure they are not damaged or worn so as to be unsafe for the road speed to be reached for the test, and stones or other foreign material in the treads will be removed,
6. A vehicle with studded tires, or with wheels or tires so out of balance as to cause bounce likely to result in lateral movement of the vehicle of the rolls, will not be tested,
7. Barrier guards of adequate size and construction, surfaced on the vehicle side with shock absorbing material designed to prevent ricochet of material striking the guard, will be positioned close behind the rear of the vehicle,
8. Exposed portions of the rolls will be effectively guarded they are in motion, and
9. Vehicle exhaust will be effectively removed from the work area.

G12.3 Safeguarding requirement - Alternative standard

Issued November 21, 2006

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.3 of the OHS Regulation ("Regulation") states:

The application, design, construction and use of safeguards, including an opening in a guard and the reach distance to a hazardous part, must meet the requirements of CSA Standard Z432-94, Safeguarding of Machinery.

Section 4.4(2)(a) of the Regulation states:

(2) When this Regulation requires a person to comply with

(a) a publication, code or standard of the Board or another agency, the person may, as an alternative, comply with another publication, code or standard acceptable to the Board...

Purpose of guideline
Section 12.3 of the Regulation requires that safeguards be applied, designed, constructed and used in accordance with CSA Standard Z432-94, Safeguarding of Machinery. Section 4.4(2)(a) permits WorkSafeBC to accept another standard to be used for the safeguarding of machinery.

This guideline is to specify, in the case of section 12.3 of the Regulation, an alternate standard acceptable to WorkSafeBC, and to summarize the differences between the standards.

Acceptance of CSA Standard Z432-04, Safeguarding of Machinery
A person that is required to comply with CSA Standard Z432-94, Safeguarding of Machinery may comply with CSA Standard Z432-04, Safeguarding of Machinery as an alternative standard. (Note: For a copy of CSA Standard Z432-04, contact CSA at 604-244-6652 or www.ShopCSA.ca, or your local library.)

Additional information
An updated edition of CSA Standard Z432 was prompted by changing technology and at the request of regulators, employers, manufacturers, and labour representatives for a document that would reflect current trends concerning operator and equipment safety.

CSA Standard Z432-04 is expanded in scope compared to the earlier edition published in 1994. It now incorporates parts of new international standards on machinery design and performance (e.g. ISO 12100 Parts 1 and 2, ISO 14121, ANSI B11 TR3, and BSI PD 5304), and provides additional information for the identification of hazards, including non-mechanical hazards. This newer standard also contains expanded methodology to perform comprehensive risk assessment and control.

G12.11 Operating controls (portable powered tools, mobile equipment)

Effective September 1999

Subsection 12.11(2) of the OHS Regulation states:

portable powered tools and mobile equipment must have operating controls conforming to an appropriate standard acceptable to the board.

The following standards are acceptable to the Board under this subsection for portable powered tools:

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No.71.1-M89 Portable Electric Tools

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No.72.2-M89 Electric Bench Tools

BS 5304:1988 British Standard Code of Practice for Safety of Machinery

ANSI/UL 897 Standard for Safety, Portable Electric Tools

ANSI/UL 897 Standard for Safety, Stationary and Fixed Electric Tools

ISO 447 Machine Tools -- Direction of Operation of Controls

ANSI B1186.1-1984 Safety Code for Portable Air Tools

CAN/CSA-Z431-M89 (IEC 73-1984) Colours of Indicator Lights and Push Buttons

CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 195-M1987 Motor Operated Food Processing Appliances (Household and Commercial)

ANSI Z50.1-1997 Safety Requirements for Bakery Equipment

BSI/EN 454 Food Processing Machinery-Planetary Mixer-Safety and Hygiene Requirements

ANSI/SNT-101-1993 Portable, Compressed-Air-Actuated Fastener Driving Tools-Safety Requirements for

CAN/CSA-Z166.1, Z166.2-M85 Powder Actuated Tools

The requirements for controls for mobile equipment are section 16.18 of the OHS Regulation, and OHS Guideline G16.18.

Guidelines Part 12 - Guarding mechanical power transmission parts

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G12.20 Reach distance to overhead power transmission parts

Effective September 1999

Subsection 12.20(2) of the OHS Regulation states:

An installation of the type covered by subsection (1) in place before January 1, 1999, which has unguarded parts more than 2.1 m (7 ft) but less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the floor, walkway or platform may have those portions remain unguarded unless the work process presents an undue risk to workers if those portions remain unguarded, or until such time as the installation is subsequently overhauled or renovated.

An employer may put off guarding moving parts which are above the height limit of the previous requirement (IH&S Regulations required guarding at 2.1 m), but below the limit of the OHS Regulation (2.5 m), provided a risk assessment shows no undue risk to workers from the moving parts. The key elements to be determined by the assessment are the likelihood or probability of accidental contact with the overhead moving parts, and the likely outcome of a contact in terms of the severity of injury. CAN/CSA Standard Q634-91, "Risk analysis requirements and guidelines" provides guidance for doing risk assessments.

Guidelines Part 12 - Conveyors

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G12.28 Emergency stopping devices

Effective September 1999

Subsection 12.28(1) of the OHS Regulation states:

A conveyor must have an emergency stopping system unless worker access to the conveyor is prevented by guarding.

Subsection 12.28(2) states:

The conveyor emergency stopping system must be designed and installed so that the system will activate as a worker falls onto the conveyor, or if a fallen worker on the conveyor moves an arm or leg off to one side of the conveyor.

What is an acceptable emergency stopping system will vary according to the nature of the equipment, its surroundings, the product for which it is used and the manner in which a worker may fall onto the conveyer.

Subsection 12.28(3) states:

If a conveyor emergency stopping system uses a pull wire, the system must activate by a pull of the wire in any direction, or by a slack cable condition.

This subsection applies to all equipment, regardless of the date of manufacture or installation.

Many conventional emergency stop pull wire systems used for conveyors in industry use a switch that does not comply with the full requirements of this subsection because the switch will not activate if the pull wire is slack or broken, or if a pull on the wire is in the direction away from the dead end (anchor end). Slack or broken wire protection can be provided by installing a switch that is held by tension in the neutral or armed position, and is activated either by a pull on the wire, or by the wire being cut or going slack. The second concern of a pull against the dead (or anchored) end can be fixed by installing a spring counter-balanced switch that activates when moved in either direction from the neutral position. (Two springs allow the switch to move in either direction from the neutral and therefore activate the switch.) An alternative means would be to install spring-loaded pull switches at each end of the activation cable.

Guidelines Part 12 - Power presses, brake presses and shears

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G12.29 Standards

Effective September 1999; Editorial Revision April 2005

Section 12.29 of the OHS Regulation states "Point of operation safeguarding, and the design, construction and reliability of operating controls of a power press, brake press, ironworker or shear must meet the requirements of the following applicable standard:

(a) CSA Standard CAN/CSA-Z142-M90, Code for Punch Press and Brake Press Operation: Health, Safety, and Guarding Requirements;

(b) ANSI Standard B11.4-1993, American National Standard for Machine Tools - Shears - Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use;

(c) ANSI Standard B11.5-1988(R1994), American National Standard for Machine Tools - Ironworkers - Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use.

In addition, section 4.4(2)(a) permits the reliance on other standards which are acceptable to the Board. Under section 4.4(2)(a), the Board recognizes ANSI Standard B11.1-1988(R1994), American National Standard for Machine Tools - Mechanical Power Presses - Safety Requirements for Construction, Care, and Use, as a standard acceptable to the Board for "point of operation safeguarding" and "control reliability" for a mechanical (flywheel) power press.

G12.31 Exception for custom work

Effective September 1999

Section 12.31 of the OHS Regulation states:

The safeguarding for the point of operation of a brake press may be removed if custom or different bends are being done with each cycle of the machine, provided that safe work procedures are followed, and safeguarding is replaced upon completion of such custom work.

Work using a brake press spans a continuum from "production work" to "job runs" to "custom work".

• Production work usually involves runs of several hundred or more pieces using dedicated die(s) and sequencing of bends. (for example, manufacturing of "Z" bars for steel stud construction).
• Job runs are usually done using customer dies where the job is set up for producing a particular kind of part to fill a specific order. Runs may consist of hundreds of pieces, but are generally less, with considerable variability in the size of the run.
• Custom work is typically a "one-of" run involving making a prototype or single use item such as a custom formed bracket, a custom formed piece of flashing or duct work, quilting of sheet metal or progressive custom braking of large plate stock supported in the press by an overhead hoist(s).

The hazard of being caught in the closing dies is always present for a brake press operator. Production work and job runs present a greater risk because of inherent human factors, such as the loss of hand/foot coordination due to boredom and monotony. The risk is minimal and considered acceptable when doing custom work because the worker will more likely remain focussed on the particular task being done.

Guidelines Part 12 - Powder actuated tools

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G12.56 (and 4.3(1)&(2)) - Use and service in accordance with manufacturer's instructions

Effective April 1, 2001; Editorial Revision April 2005

Section 12.56 (Powder actuated tools - use) of the OHS Regulation sets out various requirements for the use of powder actuated tools and power loads. Effective October 29, 2003, section 12.56(3), which required that a powder actuated tool be used and serviced in accordance with the requirements of the tool manufacturer, was rescinded. The operative requirement on that matter is now section 4.3 (Safe machinery and equipment).

Sections 4.3(1) and (2) provide that each tool, machine and piece of equipment in the workplace, which include a powder actuated fastening system, must be used and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Use of a powder actuated tool contrary to the tool manufacturer's instructions is a violation of section 4.3(1). Fasteners and cartridges not approved for use by the tool manufacturer may result in jamming, misfires and fastener failures, which are all potential safety hazards.

Guideline Part 12 - Mobile chippers

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G12.70 Panic bars on driven-feed chippers 

Issued November 19, 2008

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.70 of the OHS Regulation ("Regulation") states:

A driven-feed chipper must have a guard chute or apron extending at least 90 cm (3 ft) from the feed rollers and a panic bar to stop the feed rollers.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to outline a compliant "panic bar" for driven-feed chippers and to set out some criteria around appropriate design, maintenance, and use of panic bars.

Driven-feed chippers
Driven-feed mobile wood chippers are a common type of wood chipper in British Columbia. A driven-feed chipper consists of a guard chute or apron (feed table), panic bar, feed rollers, a chipper blade, and a discharge chute. An engine drives the chipper blade and powers the hydraulically driven feed rollers. Feed roller rotation is controlled by a feed control bar, which is usually located around the entrance to the guard chute.

Unlike other chippers that require manual feeding to push the branches into the blades, driven-feed chippers have powered rollers that grab branches and pull them into the blades. Anything that is picked up by these rollers will be moved into the blades unless the machine feed drive is stopped.

Section 12.70 of the Regulation provides that driven-feed chippers must have a panic bar. This guideline describes the required performance characteristics of a panic bar for driven-feed chippers.

Panic Bar - Performance Requirements

A panic bar is a safety device that stops the feed rollers when it is activated. It is designed to protect the person feeding the machine from being drawn into the feed rollers. Driven-feed chippers must have a panic bar that will stop the feed rollers should a worker become entangled and be drawn towards the feed rollers.

The panic bar must meet the following performance requirements:

• The operator must be able to activate the panic bar by using parts of the body other than the hands and by exerting a force no greater than 150 Newtons (28 lb-force).
• The panic bar must be able to be activated without a deliberate action by the worker, e.g. if the worker is caught by feed material and pulled towards the chipper blades a body part must automatically activate the panic bar.
• Activation of the panic bar must stop the feed rollers in less than the minimum time for wood to travel from the nearest position of the panic bar to the feed rollers.
• The panic bar must stop the feed rollers when the panic bar is moved in any direction from the position it is at while the feed rollers are driven.

Panic Bars and Feed Control Bars

Some chippers do not have a panic bar, only a feed control bar around the guard chute. The feed control bar is used to operate the feed rollers. The feed control bar does not act to automatically stop the feed rollers when engaged. Accordingly, the feed control bar does not meet the performance criteria outlined in this guideline in order to be a compliant panic bar under Regulation s. 12.70.

Avoiding Nuisance Trips

In some situations the feed material may inadvertently activate the panic bar (nuisance tripping). The position and function of the panic bar should be designed to minimize nuisance tripping.

To help feed problematic brush, a panic bar may incorporate a hold-to-run device that deactivates the panic bar for a maximum of 30 seconds. However, the panic bar must be designed in a way that minimizes opportunities for the operator to defeat (disable, jam) the control. With the example of the hold-to-run switch, the switch must have a timer that automatically reactivates the panic bar after 30 seconds even if the hold-to-run device remains physically engaged.

Care should be taken to reduce the collection of debris which could impede the engagement of the panic bar. The panic bar for a driven-feed chipper must never be defeated or disconnected.

Reach Distance Guarding

In addition to the use of a panic bar, the use of appropriate reach distance guarding can assist to ensure the operator remains a minimum distance away from the pinch point of the feed rollers. ¹ CSA Standard Z432, Safeguarding of Machinery, adopted in Regulation s. 12.3, suggests that the minimum reach distance for this type of equipment is 150 cm, 90 cm of which may be a guard chute, as set out in Regulation s. 12.70. The remaining 60 cm can be provided by means of a feed table with walls that are at least 1 m high as measured from ground level. ^2, 3

Suppliers' Obligations

Suppliers must ensure that equipment supplied is safe to use and must provide directions on how to use it safely (see Workers Compensation Act s. 120). To ensure the requirements of the Regulation are met, suppliers must ensure that driven-feed chippers have adequate reach distance safeguarding, a compliant panic bar system, and that instructions are provided on the safe use of the equipment.

If a driven-feed wood chipper does not meet the criteria outlined in this guideline, the following options exist:

• Contact the manufacturer to determine if a retrofit kit is available for a feed table or chute that will provide the required reach distances.
• The supplier should contact the manufacturer to determine if a retrofit kit is available for a feed table or chute and panic bar system that will meet the performance criteria.
• If no retrofit kit is available, hire a professional engineer to design a feed table or chute and panic bar that will meet the performance criteria.

Working safely with driven-feed mobile wood chippers
Workers must be trained to use driven-feed chippers safely. Training should include

• Positioning the machine to ensure proper functioning of the panic bar
• Correct operation of the machine's controls and safety features
• Safe work practices, including how to feed the chipper safely and how to avoid or remove blockages

The following are safe work procedures for driven-feed chippers:

• Wear snug-fitting clothing that does not have any loose cuffs, belts, or other elements that can pose a risk of entanglement.
• Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
• Operate the chipper from a position where the panic bar can be easily activated and where a worker's body will contact the panic bar without deliberate action by the worker.
• Don't let debris accumulate in areas where it could interfere with the operation of the panic bar.
• Feed branches butt first, and release the wood when it is gripped by the rollers.
• Use a long branch or suitable tool to feed loose materials.
• Never disable or defeat any safety feature of the chipper.
• Never reach into the guard chute without first stopping the feed rollers and turning the engine off.
• Never perform any maintenance, repair, adjustment, or cleaning of the chipper without first placing the feed control bar in neutral and shutting the engine off.

¹ Feed roller pinch point is the vertical reference plane normal to the feed direction, at a point nearest to the operator during the action of infeeding, where the feed rollers are separated by 25 mm, or where the separation of the feed rollers is at its minimum if this is greater than 25mm.
² CSA Standard Z432 stipulates that a barrier guard must be at least 1 M high.
³ The horizontal distance measurements are made from the roller nip point, along the centre line of the guard chute/feed table.

Guidelines Part 12 - Automotive lifts and other vehicle supports

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G12.74-1 Automotive lifts and other vehicle support standards - Evidence of compliance

Issued August 15, 2006

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation states:

(1) An automotive lift must meet the requirements of ANSI Standard ANSI/ALI ALCTV-1998, American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Construction, Testing and Validation.

(2) The operation, inspection and maintenance of an automotive lift must meet the requirements of ANSI Standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000, American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance.

(3) Portable automotive lifting devices and vehicle supports must meet the requirements of the applicable section of ANSI Standard ASME PALD-2003, Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to provide information on acceptable forms of evidence that automotive lifts meet the required ANSI standard; and guidance on the operation, inspection and maintenance of lifts.

Evidence that lifts meet the required standard
Automotive lift manufacturers would typically ensure their lifts meet the ANSI standard by having their lifts certified by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL). However, the Board has determined that other methods of certification are acceptable for auto lifts used in BC. As a result, the Board will accept any of the following types of evidence of compliance with standard ANSI/ALI ALCTV-1998:

a) certification from a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL);

b) certification by a professional engineer;

c) a written statement from the automotive lift manufacturer that the auto lift meets the requirements of ANSI standard, with third party certification by means other than a NRTL acceptable to the Board.

If an automotive lift is certified by a professional engineer in BC, that engineer must be licensed to practice by the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC. If an automotive lift is certified by a professional engineer outside of BC, that engineer should be licensed to practice in that province or state.

If the certifying party is a manufacturer's representative, the person signing the certification should be specifically authorized in writing by the manufacturer to make such a certification on behalf of the manufacturer.

Operation, inspection and maintenance of lifts
The ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 is a companion standard to the ANSI/ALI ALCTV-1998. The ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 standard provides guidance to owners or employers with regard to the operation, inspection and maintenance of installed automotive lifts. The ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 standard specifies the required qualifications, training, reporting and documentation for operators, inspectors and maintenance personnel. This ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 standard also provides sample forms and checklists to help the owners or employers comply with the requirements in the standard.

Evidence of compliance to standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 consists of ongoing documentation prepared by the auto lift owner, employer and qualified inspector who will verify that the requirements of the standard have been met.

G12.74-2 Automotive lifts and other vehicle support standards - Applicable standards

Issued September 22, 2006

Regulatory excerpt

Section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation ("Regulation") states:

(1) An automotive lift must meet the requirements of ANSI Standard ANSI/ALI ALCTV-1998, American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Construction, Testing and Validation.

(2) The operation, inspection and maintenance of an automotive lift must meet the requirements of ANSI Standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000, American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance.

(3) Portable automotive lifting devices and vehicle supports must meet the requirements of the applicable section of ANSI Standard ASME PALD-2003, Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices.

Section 4.4(1) of the Regulation states:

If this Regulation requires that a tool, machine or piece of equipment manufactured before April 15, 1998 must meet a code or standard, the tool, machine or piece of equipment must conform to the edition of the code or standard referred to in this Regulation or the edition of the code or standard published at the time the tool, machine or piece of equipment was manufactured, subject only to the modification or upgrading specified to be necessary in this Regulation or in a directive issued by the Board.

Purpose of guideline
This guideline lists the standards applicable to automotive lift equipment manufactured prior to the date of the standards referenced in section 12.74 of the Regulation, and shows the design of decals used to verify certification to the standard.

In addition, the guideline provides guidance for the certification of equipment where a standard is not available, both for automotive lifts and for portable automotive lift devices.

Applicable standards
Automotive lifts, portable automotive lifting devices, and vehicle supports must meet the requirements of section 12.74 of the Regulation. For equipment manufactured prior to the year of the standards listed, section 4.4(1) of the Regulation states that equipment must meet the requirements of the edition of the standard published at the time the equipment was manufactured.

One or more of the following standards apply to automotive lifts and other devices, depending on the make, model, and year of the equipment. The standards are published by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Automotive Lift Institute (ALI) and American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).

For automotive lifts the applicable standards are:

A. ANSI B153.1-1974 Safety Requirements for the Construction, Care, and Use of Automotive Lifts

B. ANSI B153.1-1981 Safety Requirements for the Construction, Care, and Use of Automotive Lifts

C. ANSI/ALI B153.1-1990 American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for the Construction, Care, and Use

D. ANSI/ALI ALOIM -1994 American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance

E. ANSI/ALI ALCTV -1998 American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Construction, Testing and Validation

F. ANSI/ALI ALOIM -2000 American National Standard for Automotive Lifts - Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance

For portable automotive lifting devices the applicable standards are:

G. ANSI Standard ASME PALD-1980 Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

H. ANSI Standard ASME PALD-1993 Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

I. ANSI Standard ASME PALD-1997 Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

J. ANSI Standard ASME PALD-2003 Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Lifting Devices

These standards are available from ALI, see http://www.autolift.org/store.htm and may also be viewed at the WorkSafeBC library at 6951 Westminster Hwy, Richmond.

Evidence of compliance
OHS Guideline G12.74-1 provides information on the acceptable forms of evidence that show automotive lifts meet the applicable standard. Automotive lifts are typically labeled to show compliance with one of the standards listed above. Examples of the decals are shown below.

Automotive lift devices manufactured since 1998
The following decals indicate compliance with the ANSI/ALI standards for automotive lifts built since 1998:

ALI Certified - Electrical & Mechanical (US & Canada)

ALI Certified - Mechanical Only (US & Canada)

Automotive lift devices manufactured from 1990 to 1997
The following decals indicate compliance with the ANSI/ALI standards for automotive lifts built from 1990 through 1997:

Automotive lift devices manufactured from 1974 to 1989
Automotive lifts manufactured from 1974 through 1989 may not have a compliance decal; however, evidence of compliance may be in the form of a "Statement of Compliance" found in the manufacturer's labels, invoices, or sales literature. This statement reads:

This automotive lift conforms to the requirements of American National Standard B153.1, developed cooperatively with the industry and those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Responsibility for the construction of this product to the standard is assumed by the manufacturer.

If the manufacturer cannot confirm that the equipment meets an ANSI/ALI standard, a professional engineer (P. Eng.) certification that it meets the appropriate standard is acceptable evidence of compliance.

Automotive lift devices manufactured prior to 1974
The standards noted above in this guideline do not apply to automotive lifts manufactured prior to 1974. For these lifts, the employer must still ensure compliance with the requirements of the Regulation, in particular, sections 4.3, 4.5, 4.8 and applicable sections of Part 12. In short, this means that with the assistance of a professional engineer and a qualified automotive lift inspector, the employer must ensure each of the following:

• The lift is safe to use and written instructions are provided that explain how to use it safely.
• A professional engineer specifies how to install, inspect, test, repair, and maintain the lift.
• Any modifications (e.g. wheel chocks, swing arm restraints) are certified by a professional engineer.
• A professional engineer certifies the rated load capacity of the lift.
• Compliance with sections 12.75 through 12.80 of the Regulation.

Portable devices
Portable automotive lifting devices (PALDs) must meet one of the standards G, H, I, or J above. The requirements of these standards can be summarized as follows:

1. The rated capacity must be marked on the PALD.
2. The original manufacturer or supplier must be identified on the PALD.
3. Manufacturer's (or supplier's) safety signs/labels must be affixed to each PALD. Examples of safety markings and messages for specific types of PALDs are shown in paragraph 3.1 of each part of the standard (G, H, I, or J).
4. Provide instructions on how to operate the device, including safety messages, maintenance, and inspection procedures.
5. Refer to Parts 1 through 18 of the applicable standard for safety markings and messages specific to each type of device and for the performance requirements for each device.

Portable devices that do not meet the requirements listed above, or are manufactured prior to 1980, must be certified by a professional engineer and have written instructions explaining how to use them safely.

Any equipment that has been altered, appears damaged in any way, is worn, or operates abnormally must be removed from service. Such equipment may be repaired by the manufacturer's or supplier's authorized repair facility, or following instructions of a professional engineer.

G12.76 Operation

Issued August 15, 2006

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.76 of the OHS Regulation states:

Operation, inspection, repair, maintenance and modification of an automotive lift, portable automotive lifting device, or other vehicle support must be carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions or the written instructions of a professional engineer.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to describe circumstances where compliance with section 12.76 of the OHS Regulation would be an acceptable alternative when it is not possible to comply with all of the requirements of section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation (Automotive Lift and Other Vehicle Support Standards). It also describes some important differences between successive editions of the ANSI standards for automotive lifts.

Section 12.76 as an alternative to section 12.74
An owner, employer or other person is expected to comply with section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation (Standards) with regard to the operation, inspection and maintenance of all automotive lifts and vehicle supports. However, an owner, employer or other person may refer to section 12.76 of the OHS Regulation (Operation) for the operation, inspection, repair, maintenance or modification of an automotive lift, portable automotive lifting device or vehicle support in circumstances where:

a) The standard referenced in section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation is not applicable to the equipment given its year of manufacture (e.g. pre-1998, 2000 or 2003).

b) An earlier edition of the standard does not cover repair or modification (e.g. 1981, 1974). The 1990, 1994 and 2000 editions of the standard only require manufacturer's consent for modification or reconstruction, not necessarily manufacturer's instructions.

c) The automobile lift apparatus is not of a type covered in the standard (e.g. vehicle display or storage lifts, and some portable lifting devices).

d) The manufacturer is no longer in business (a professional engineer can provide instructions in lieu of the manufacturer).

e) Repair or modification to structural components has not been designed or inspected by the manufacturer (a professional engineer can provide the design, necessary instructions and final inspection).

In some cases, such as in (d) and (e), compliance with the remainder of the requirements of the standards in 12.74 of the OHS Regulation is still possible, and must be met. Note that the requirements of section 12.76 are supplementary to those stipulated in section 12.74 of the OHS Regulation.

If the services of a professional engineer are used in BC, that engineer must be licensed to practice by the Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC. If the services of a professional engineer are used outside of BC, that engineer should be licensed to practice in that province or state.

Changes to ANSI automotive lift standards
The 1974 and 1981 editions of American National Standard ANSI B153.1 Safety Requirements for the Construction, Care and Use of Automotive Lifts refer to the manufacturer for maintenance, operation and inspection instructions, but do not explicitly include repair and modification. The 1990 edition adds the requirement for manufacturer's consent prior to modifications.

The 1994 version, renamed ANSI/ALI ALOIM, adds instructions for repair maintenance, with reference to recommendations of the lift manufacturer. The 1994 standard is superseded by ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance, which references manufacturer's recommendations for maintenance, repairs, and manufacturer's permission for modification or reconstruction. In addition, ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 stipulates further requirements that may not be specified by the manufacturer.

The 1993 and 2003 edition of ANSI standard ASME PALD Portable Automotive Lifting Devices references product instructions for operation, maintenance and inspection, and that repairs be performed by the manufacturer or supplier's authorized repair facility.

G12.77 Records

Issued August 15, 2006

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.77 of the OHS Regulation states:

The employer must keep a maintenance, inspection, modification and repair record for each automotive lift.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to advise employers on appropriate record-keeping, and to clarify certain differences between each record.

Records
Pursuant to OHS Regulation 12.74(2), inspection and maintenance procedures must follow the requirements of standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance.

A record of each periodic inspection should be prepared by a qualified automotive lift inspector as defined in ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000. The record should include observations of all points of inspection as recommended by the manufacturer, and the subsequent repairs or replacements made.

In addition to the above, thorough records of all preventive maintenance and repairs performed should be prepared by the auto lift owner, employer or others performing the work. These records should include the specific checks made, measurements taken, adjustments, parts replaced, recommendations, and repairs performed.

The inspection, maintenance, modification and repair records should be maintained by the auto lift owner or employer and kept at the auto lift or in a place that is immediately available to the auto lift operator or to any other person involved with inspection and maintenance of the equipment.

Examples of a preventive maintenance log, repair maintenance log, inspection checklists and an inspection certificate are provided in the appendices of standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000. Further examples of automotive lift inspection checklists are provided in OHS Guideline 12.78.

G12.78 Inspection and testing

Issued August 15, 2006

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.78 of the OHS Regulation states:

An automotive lift must be inspected and tested monthly, in a manner acceptable to the Board, unless the manufacturer requires more frequent inspection and testing.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to describe acceptable methods of inspecting and testing automotive lifts on a monthly basis. A monthly inspection must be performed even if it is not specifically required by the automotive lift manufacturer. Note that monthly inspections are in addition to inspections specified by the manufacturer or the ANSI standard on an annual or more frequent basis.

Acceptable methods of inspecting and testing automotive lifts on a monthly basis
The auto lift owner or employer is responsible to ensure monthly inspection and testing is performed on each automotive lift. The monthly inspection is typically performed by workers having the necessary training and experience, such as a qualified automotive lift operator. Personnel performing monthly inspections should meet the automotive lift operator qualifications and training requirements specified in section 4.1 and 4.2 of the standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000. Section 5.2 of the standard provides guidance on further training recommended for automotive lift inspectors. The following resources can be used to train operators on how to perform monthly auto lift inspections:

• Manufacturer's instructions and warning labels.
• Automotive Lift Institute publications, "Quick Reference Guide, Vehicle Lifting Points for Frame Engaging Lifts", "Lifting It Right", "Safety Tips".
• ANSI Standard ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000 Safety Requirements for Operation, Inspection and Maintenance.
• Qualified automotive lift inspectors (qualified pursuant to section 5 of the above standard).
• Manufacturer's representatives.

The inspection and test points should include the following:

• those listed for daily inspections in section 4.4.4 of ANSI ANSI/ALI ALOIM-2000; and
• those required by the auto lift manufacturer to be performed on a monthly, or more frequent, basis. If the manufacturer does not specify monthly or more frequent inspections, a monthly inspection should follow the inspection and test points that are typical in the industry for that type of equipment.

An example of a monthly inspection checklist is provided at the end of this guideline. The checklist provided may not be inclusive for all types of automotive lifts. For a complete checklist, refer to the automotive lift manufacturer's instructions or contact the manufacturer.

Monthly Auto Lift Inspection Checklist (PDF 33KB)

Guidelines Part 12 - Abrasive blasting and high pressure washing

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G12.102(1) Abrasive blasting cleanup

Issued May 24, 2002; Revised February 11, 2004; Editorial Revision January 1, 2009

Regulatory excerpt
Section 12.102 of the OHS Regulation ("Regulation") states:

(1) Used abrasive blasting materials which contain a substance designated under section 5.57 must be removed from the work area by using effective procedures designed to minimize the generation of airborne dust, and suitable personal protective equipment.

(2) Removal under subsection (1) must take place by the end of each shift unless

(a) a risk assessment establishes that the risks from removal will exceed the risks from leaving the materials in place,

(b) no workers will be exposed to the materials before removal occurs, or

(c) the materials cannot be separated from the environment in which the abrasive blasting takes place.

(3) If removal is delayed pursuant to subsection (2), the employer must assess the risks arising from delaying the removal and develop safe work procedures.

(4) The work procedures developed under subsection (3) must be in writing.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to discuss abrasive blasting materials and the requirements under Part 5 of the Regulation for designated substances which may be present in abrasive blasting materials.

Abrasive blasting materials
Section 12.102 of the Regulation applies to used abrasive blasting materials and the hazardous substances such materials may contain and the potential risk for worker exposure. Section 12.102 and this guideline do not apply to new, unused abrasive blasting material.

Abrasive blasting involves the removal of a coating, or an encrustation such as dirt or rust, from an object such as a metal structure. The type of surface coating, the nature of the encrustation, the composition of the base material being treated, as well as the abrasive material itself are some of the sources of contaminants that may be present in used abrasive material.

Section 12.102(1) of the refers to "used abrasive blasting materials which contain a substance designated under section 5.57..." Designated substances are identified under section 5.57(1) and in the Table of Exposure Limits for Chemical and Biological Substances (see OHS Guideline G5.48-1) by any of the following notations, abbreviations, or endnotes:

• ACGIH A1 or A2
• IARC 1, 2A, or 2B carcinogen
• ACGIH reproductive toxin
• ACGIH sensitizer
• ACGIH L endnote.

Exposure to designated substances must be kept as low as reasonably achievable.

Section 5.57(2) sets out that some of the substances so designated will also have an "A" designation. The "A" means it is considered an ALARA substance, meaning it is a substance to which exposure of workers must be kept as low as reasonably achievable.

Section 5.57 requires the employer replace a substance with one of the above designations with a material less hazardous to the worker, where this is practicable. For the purposes of section 12.102, it is not feasible, nor practicable, for the employer to have control over the content of the material that is being removed by the abrasive blasting process. However, there is a reasonable expectation for the employer to be aware of the composition of the material being removed and of the base material, and to be aware of any substance with one of these designations that may end up being present in the used abrasive material. For example, for a job involving removal of paint from a steel bridge structure, the employer is expected to determine the composition of the coating - does it contain lead or other hazardous substances? If so, section 12.102 applies and procedures must be established to minimize the generation of airborne dust and workers must wear suitable personal protective equipment. Note that the employer has control over the type of abrasive grit selected for the blasting task. Where practicable, a non-silica-containing grit is to be used as a substitute for silica-containing grits, as required by section 12.100.

Examples of substances with a designation covered in section 5.57 that could be found in used abrasive material include mercury, lead, lead chromate, crystalline silica, asbestos, and cadmium. Used abrasive material can also contain high concentrations of fine dust, making it considerably more hazardous than new abrasive material. Any disturbance of used abrasive material can create large amounts of airborne dusts that can be readily inhaled. For this reason, particular attention must be paid to the handling and disposal of this material. Refer to section 12.111 and Part 8 of the Regulation to determine the type of personal protective equipment that may be required for cleanup.

Regular removal of accumulations of used abrasive materials from the work area, such as at the end of the work shift as required by section 12.102(2), is an effective work practice for lowering the potential exposure of workers to harmful contaminants. Vacuum recovery is the most effective method of removing large quantities of spent abrasive materials but other effective control methods may also be used, for example, a wet floor scrubber. Wet sweeping or shoveling should not be used except where vacuuming or other effective means are not practicable. Due to the high concentrations of airborne dust that may be generated, compressed air should not be used for cleanup. Refer to section 4.42 of the Regulation for restrictions related to cleaning with compressed air.

It is recognized that complete removal from the work area of used abrasive blasting material containing a designated substance may not always be possible. For example, small traces of material or dust may be unavoidably left in places that the normal methods of cleaning will not reach. Section 12.102(2) states that removal under section 12.102(1) must take place at the end of each shift except in three situations. The first of the exceptions is where the risk of removal will exceed the risks from leaving the materials in place. Some examples of this are

• The dust enters places that are difficult to access and would involve risks for workers attempting to reach the material
• The used material is combined with water and forms a solid cake that is safe to work on, but would have to be broken up, with a consequent creation of dust, in order to remove it

The second exception, section 12.102(2)(b), is where workers are not be expected to be exposed to used abrasive material containing a substance designated under section 5.57 prior to its eventual removal. There may be no need to remove the materials if the work process results in the used materials collecting in a location where workers are not present. Some examples are

• Blasting done in a completely closed environment to which workers do not have access during the blasting process
• Blasting done remotely from where the workers controlling the process are located
• Blasting conducted in a frame building, either wood or steel, where the spent abrasive material tends to collect on ledges and flanges of the structure with minimal or no impact on workers below

The third exception, section 12.102(2)(c), states that removal need not take place at the end of the shift if the used abrasive material containing a substance designated under section 5.57 "cannot be separated from the environment in which the abrasive blasting takes place." This is intended to cover situations where blasting takes place outdoors and the used material containing such a substance becomes inextricably mixed with the existing natural material. Some examples are

• Sandblasting non-leaded paint from a metal bridge over water where the used material falls into the water (where permitted by environmental regulations)
• Sandblasting at a location with sandy ground

For the last example above, removal may be practicable if, for example, the work creates a distinct pile of used material. In that case, it is reasonable to expect removal of the pile of used abrasive material. Cleanup in this example may be further aided by placing a tarp or similar covering on the ground below where the blasting will take place.

Section 12.102(3) states: "If the removal is delayed pursuant to subsection (2), the employer must assess the risks arising from delaying the removal and develop safe work procedures." These work procedures must be available in writing, as stated in section 12.102(4). OHS Guideline G5.54-3 provides general guidelines on conducting a risk assessment. The intent of the work procedures is to ensure

• Workers are not unduly exposed to dusts from waste abrasive materials containing a substance designated under section 5.57
• Steps are taken to monitor the risks imposed by the remaining quantity of waste material
• Unauthorized, unprotected workers do not approach or walk through waste material
• Workers involved in cleanup are wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment
• There are provisions for a thorough cleanup at the end of the particular job or task

Guidelines Part 12 - Welding, cutting and allied processes

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G12.120 Reverse gas flow and flashback prevention

Issued June 6, 2003; Editorial Revision April 2005

Section 12.120 of the OHS Regulation states:

Suitable safety devices to prevent reverse gas flow and to arrest a flashback must be installed on each hose in an oxyfuel system, between the torch and the regulator, and in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Section 4.3(2) of the OHS Regulation also requires that such installations must be done in accordance with manufacturer's instructions or as specified by a professional engineer.

There are two hazard conditions addressed by section 12.120: reverse gas flow and flashbacks.

Devices to prevent reverse gas flow, usually referred to as "reverse flow check valves," function only to stop the reverse flow of gases. They are not designed to stop a flame in a flashback.

Reverse gas flow may happen if one of the following conditions occurs:

• One of the gas cylinders empties before the corresponding valve on the torch is closed, and gas from the other hose/cylinder flows back up the hose, possibly as far as the regulator.
• Both cylinder valves are closed at the end of the task and both torch valves are opened to bleed off the oxygen and fuel gas, in which case the oxygen will likely reverse flow into the lower-pressure fuel gas hose and possibly into the regulator.
• The torch tip gets plugged and gas from the higher-pressure line (usually the oxygen supply) reverse flows into the line with lower pressure.

A flashback may happen if:

(a) a combustible mixture of oxygen and fuel gas exists in the torch body, a hose and/or the regulator, and

(b) an ignition source starts the mixture burning.

The burning action in a flashback is usually explosive as the flame front travels very rapidly back through the combustible mixture. A device to arrest such a flashback is usually referred to as a "flashback arrestor," and it works by extinguishing the flame front when it reaches the device.

Many new torch models have reverse flow check valves and flashback arrestors built into them. The devices are also available as separate components that can be installed between the torch and the regulators. The best protection for the oxyfuel system is achieved if the reverse flow check valves and flashback arrestors are installed in or at the torch. Most devices will have an arrow indicating the direction of gas flow to assist with ensuring the devices are installed in the proper orientation. The manufacturer's name or recognized trademark should be visible on the devices. Devices without such marking should not be used. Usually the devices are Underwriters Laboratory (UL) approved, and so marked.

Section 4.3(2) of the OHS Regulation requires the devices be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions or as specified by a professional engineer. The devices should be inspected and tested regularly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations or as specified by a professional engineer. Reverse flow check valves should be tested to ensure operational efficiency:

• At least once each month (unless the manufacturer recommends a more frequent test interval)
• If a flashback occurs
• If there is a decrease in gas flow on demand with ample supply of gas in the cylinder or other source

A simple test procedure for reverse flow check valves is to remove the valves from the equipment and do the following two checks:

• Submerge only the inlet end of the valve in water and blow into the opposite end. Any evidence of bubbles indicates the valve is leaking and defective.
• Blow in the inlet end of the valve to test for free flow operation. A restriction to free flow indicates the valve may be plugged with debris or stuck to the valve seat and not operating properly.

G12.124 Respiratory protection and provision of ventilation for welding, cutting and allied processes

Issued May 24, 2002; Revised February 11, 2004

Section 12.124 of the Occupational Health and Safety Regulation states:

Respiratory protective equipment must be provided and worn if an effective means of natural, mechanical or local exhaust ventilation is not practicable

(a) during short duration welding, burning or similar operations, and

(b) during emergency work.

The intent of this section is to ensure that if an effective means of natural, mechanical, or local exhaust ventilation is not feasible or practicable during a short duration welding, burning, or similar operation, that respiratory protective equipment be provided and worn. It implies that respiratory protective equipment is not required if effective natural, mechanical, or local exhaust ventilation is in place. This may be appropriate for some welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) on mild steel; respirators are not necessary once ventilation controls are in place. For other processes, such as welding on chromium or cadmium alloy metals, a respirator should be worn as supplementary protection to ventilation controls. Of particular concern is worker protection during welding, burning, or similar process in a confined space. In consideration of these factors, this guideline has been developed to provide direction in determining when ventilation should be used, the type of ventilation effective in different situations, and when respiratory protection should be used.

As provided by section 12.124, exposure control can include natural ventilation for processes where exposure levels to airborne contaminants are inherently low, such as tack welding on mild steel using a mild steel rod or wire. Natural ventilation is air movement within an indoor work area provided by open doors or windows, or in an outdoor location by being exposed to natural air movement (wind). Natural ventilation cannot be depended on in a work location containing structural barriers that can restrict natural air movement.

The requirements for wearing respiratory protection during welding and related processes are based on the potential risk of overexposure to airborne contaminants that may be generated by the specific welding, burning, or related process. Some processes pose significantly greater risk to the worker than others. For example, a worker welding on mild steel in an unenclosed, outdoor location with good natural ventilation is highly unlikely to be overexposed to airborne contaminants from the process.

The potential for overexposure is also determined by the location of the welding process and the conditions in which the welder is working. Is the area well ventilated, either by natural or mechanical means? Is the welder working in an open, limited, or confined area? What is the welder's position relative to the welding plume? These questions can be answered by identifying the hazards and assessing the risks for overexposure as specified under section 5.53 of the OHS Regulation. Refer to OHS Guideline G5.54-3 for further guidance on risk assessment.

Based on experience and the knowledge obtained about exposure levels associated with a particular welding, burning or similar process, the level of production, and the degree of confinement in the work area (outdoor location, or open or limited work space, or a confined space), the following tables may be used to determine:

• The type of ventilation that would be appropriate (natural, mechanical, local exhaust ventilation, or a combination thereof)
• When respiratory protective equipment should be used

Table 1 covers metals that contain less than 3% chromium or less than 5% total alloys.

Table 2 applies to metals coated with or containing alloy material, metals containing more than 3% chromium and more than 5% total alloys, and to non-ferrous metals such as brass.

Refer to the "Notes" at the end of each table for a description for the various headings and abbreviations.

Table 1: Ventilation and respiratory protection guidelines for welding, cutting, and allied processes of uncoated low-alloyed steels or unalloyed steels. Nominal chromium content not exceeding 3%, and nominal total alloying content not exceeding 5%. ^{1, 2}

		degree of confinement in work area3
Process	Production level4	Outdoor	Open Work Space	Limited Work Space	Confined Space
Gas preheating, Gas welding, Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)	Normal High	N N	N or M LE	M LE	LE LE
Brazing and soldering	Any	N	N or M	M	LE
Flame cutting, Flame gouging	Any	N	N or M	M	LE
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW)	Normal High	N N	N or M LE	LE LE	M & LE M & LE
Flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)	Normal High	N N	N or M LE	LE LE	M & LE M & LE
Plasma arc cutting and gouging	Normal High	N N	LE LE or water table	LE LE or water table	LE LE & RPD
Submerged arc welding (SAW), Electroslag welding, Electrogas welding	Normal High	N N	N N	N N	M M
Thermite welding, Air carbon arc gouging	Normal High	N N	M LE	LE LE & RPD	LE LE & RPD
Resistance welding	Normal High	N N	N M	M M	LE LE

Notes:

Table adapted from Table 5 of CSA Standard W117.2-94 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.

¹N = natural ventilation
M = mechanical ventilation
LE = local exhaust ventilation
RPD = respiratory protective device.

See OHS Guideline G8.33 for selection of the appropriate RPD. Where an RPD is indicated, it is supplemental to mechanical ventilation as stipulated under OHS Regulation, section 5.55 (hierarchy of control measures).

² Refer to section 5.70 of the OHS Regulation (recirculation of discharged air into the work area).

³ Degree of confinement is defined as follows:

Open Work Space:
(a) Large work area without obstructions
(b) Open to outdoors and wind
(c) Fume is free to escape.

Limited Work Space:
(a) A work area that does not fit the definition of "open"
(b) An open area that may become limited when doors and windows are closed during cold weather or when working in close proximity to walls, corners, or obstructions
(c) Fume is hindered from escaping

Confined Space:
(a) Inside a confined space as defined under section 9.1 of the OHS Regulation
(b) Fume cannot escape or is very limited in its ability to escape.

⁴ High production refers to duty cycles exceeding approximately 40% or high amperage processes exceeding 350 A, or both. The rated duty cycle of an arc welding machine (at rated current) is the percentage of actual arc time allowed based on a 10-minute period. The 10-minute time frame is standard for most welding machines. If a machine is rated at 300 A at 40% duty cycle, the load of 300 A should not be applied for more than 4 minutes out of every 10-minute period. The machine should be allowed to idle for the remaining 6 minutes (cool down period). If an arc welding machine is to be operated at a current greater than its rating, the allowable duty cycle should be reduced accordingly. Conversely, if the rated duty cycle is to be exceeded, the allowable current output is to be reduced.

Using welding machines beyond ampere or duty cycle ratings can cause overheating and increase the potential for premature deterioration of the insulation, increasing the risk for an electrical shock.

Table 2: Ventilation and respiratory protection guidelines for welding, cutting, and allied processes of coated and alloyed steels, and non-ferrous metals. Nominal chromium content over 3% and nominal total alloying content over 5%. ^1,2

			Degree of confinement in work area 3
Material	Contaminant4	Production level5, 6	Outdoor7	Open Work Space	Limited work Space	Confined Space
Aluminum	Aluminum oxides, ozone	Normal High (GTAW) High (GMAW)	N - -	M M M	LE M M & LE	LE LE LE & RPD
Barium	Barium oxides and fume	Normal (FCAW)	LE	LE	LE	LE & RPD
Beryllium	Beryllium oxides and fume	Any	All locations LE and RPD or special glove box.
Cadmium	Cadmium oxide	Any	LE	LE	LE and RPD or special glove box
Chromium	Chromium VI oxide8	Normal High High (SAW)	M LE -	LE LE N	LE LE M	LE & RPD LE & RPD LE
Copper	Copper oxides	Normal High	M LE	M LE	LE LE	LE & RPD LE & RPD
Fluorine	Fluorides (of calcium, sodium, potassium)	Normal High High (SAW)	N - -	N M N	M LE N	LE LE LE
Lead	Lead fumes	Normal High	M LE	M LE	LE LE	LE & RPD LE & RPD
Manganese	Manganese oxides	Any	N	M	LE	LE & RPD
Nickel	Nickel fumes	Normal High High (SAW)	M LE -	LE LE N	LE LE N	LE & RPD LE & RPD LE & RPD
Zinc	Zinc oxide	Any	N	M	LE	LE

Notes:

Table adapted from Table 6 of CSA Standard W117.2-94 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes.

¹N = natural ventilation
M = mechanical ventilation
LE = local exhaust ventilation
RPD = respiratory protective device.
See OHS Guideline 8.33 for selection of the appropriate RPD. Where an RPD is indicated, it is supplemental to mechanical ventilation as stipulated by under OHS Regulation, section 5.55 (hierarchy of control measures).

² Refer to section 5.70 of the OHS Regulation (recirculation of discharged air into the work area). Recirculation of certain contaminants into the work area is restricted by the provisions of Table 5-1 of the OHS Regulation.

³ Degree of confinement is defined as follows:
Open Work Space:
(a) Large work area without obstructions
(b) Open to outdoors and wind
(c) Fume is free to escape.

Limited Work Space:
(a) A work area that does not fit the definition of "open"
(b) An open area that may become limited when doors and windows are closed during cold weather or when working in close proximity to walls, corners, or obstructions
(c) Fume is hindered from escaping.

Confined Space:
(a) Inside a confined space as defined under section 9.1 of the OHS Regulation
(b) Fume cannot escape or is very limited in its ability to escape.

⁴ Refer to the the Table of Exposure Limits for Chemical and Biological Substances for exposure limits and designations (see OHS Guideline G5.48-1).

⁵ High production refers to duty cycles exceeding approximately 40% or high amperage exceeding 350 A, or both. The rated duty cycle of an arc welding machine (at rated current) is the percentage of actual arc time allowed based on a 10-minute period. The 10-minute time frame is standard for most welding machines. If a machine is rated at 300 A at 40% duty cycle, the load of 300 A should not be applied for more than 4 minutes out of every 10-minute period. The machine should be allowed to idle for the remaining 6 minutes (cool down period). If an arc welding machine is to be operated at a current greater than its rating, the allowable duty cycle should be reduced accordingly. Conversely, if the rated duty cycle is to be exceeded, the allowable current output is to be reduced.

Using welding machines beyond ampere or duty cycle ratings can cause overheating and increase the potential for premature deterioration of the insulation, increasing the risk for an electrical shock.

⁶ SMAW = shielded metal arc welding
GMAW = gas metal arc welding
GTAW = gas tungsten arc welding
FCAW = flux-cored arc welding
SAW = submerged arc welding

⁷ Where mechanical ventilation is recommended for welding outdoors, a fan may be used to disperse fumes before they enter the breathing zone of the welder or of other workers.

⁸ For chromium II and III compounds, ventilate as recommended for copper oxides.

Guidelines Part 12 - Rail car movement

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G12.168 Blue flag rule

Effective September 1999; Editorial Revision January 1, 2009

Regulatory excerpt

Section 12.168(4) of the OHS Regulation states:

Railway cars being loaded on a siding must be protected against unexpected movement by other rail traffic on a siding by the "Blue Flag Rule" as specified in the Canadian Rail Operating Rules.

Purpose of guideline
The purpose of this guideline is to provide excerpts from the Canadian Rail Operating Rules.

Canadian Rail Operating Rules
The relevant part of the Canadian Rail Operating Rules are listed below.

26. Blue Signal Protection

(a) A blue flag by day, and in addition a blue light by night or when day signals cannot be plainly seen, displayed at one or both ends of equipment indicates that workmen are in the vicinity of such equipment. On a track which permits entry of a movement from one end only, a blue signal displayed between the equipment and the switch permitting entry indicates that workmen are in the vicinity of such equipment. When such signals are displayed the equipment must not be coupled to or moved. The removal of the signal from one or both ends of equipment indicates that no workmen are in the vicinity of the equipment and such equipment may be coupled to or moved.

EXCEPTION: When repairs must be undertaken on a manned movement, the employee in charge of the engine must be notified before repair work is commenced. When so notified, the movement must not be moved nor the brakes applied or released until the workmen have advised that they are in the clear. When so protected, blue signals are not required.

(b) Other equipment must not be placed on the same track which will block a clear view of the blue signal(s) without first notifying the workmen. When equipment is placed on the same track, the movement placing such equipment must remain on that track until the workmen have relocated the blue signal(s) to include the additional equipment.

(c) Each class of workmen will display the blue signal(s) and the same class of workmen only are authorized to remove them.

(d) Special instructions will govern the use of other approved methods of protecting workmen performing equipment repairs or inspections.

(e) Blue Flag Derails - these derails are used in conjunction with blue flags and will be in the derailing position only when protection for personnel is required. When protection is no longer required, they will be locked in a non-derailing position.

27. Signal Imperfectly Displayed

(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b), a fixed signal which is imperfectly displayed, or the absence of a fixed signal where one is usually displayed, must be regarded as the most restrictive indication that such signal is capable of displaying. An imperfectly displayed signal must be communicated to the proper authority as soon as possible.

(b) Where a block or interlocking signal is observed with one or more lights extinguished, and at least one light remains displaying either green or yellow, movements may proceed reducing to SLOW speed through turnouts, when practicable, preparing to stop at the next signal.

EXCEPTION: If a solid yellow is displayed on the bottom position and the remaining positions are red or extinguished, the movement must immediately reduce to RESTRICTED speed.

(c) When a signal is known or suspected of being damaged, it must be regarded as displaying the most restrictive indication that can be given by that signal.

(d) When a block or interlocking signal displays an indication that is in other than the normal progression in relationship to the indication of the advance signal to that signal, the movement must stop immediately consistent with safe train handling practices and contact the RTC or signalman for further instructions.

(e) Repairs to damaged signals must not be made by other than qualified employees. Signals that have been knocked over must not be re-erected by other than an authorized employee. If it is known or suspected that a signal bungalow has been damaged, such fact must be reported to the RTC immediately.

33. Speed Compliance

If speed requirements for their movement are exceeded, crew members must remind one another of such requirements. If no action is then taken, or if the employee controlling the engine is observed to be non-responsive or incapacitated, other crew members must take immediate action to ensure the safety of the movement, including stopping it in emergency if required

34. Fixed Signal Recognition and Compliance

(a) The crew on the controlling engine of any movement and snow plow foremen must know the indication of each fixed signal (including switches where practicable) before passing it.

(b) Crew members within physical hearing range must communicate to each other, in a clear and audible manner, the indication by name, of each fixed signal they are required to identify. Each signal affecting their movement must be called out as soon as it is positively identified, but crew members must watch for and promptly communicate and act on any change of indication which may occur. The following signals/operating signs must be communicated:

i. Block and interlocking signals;

ii. Rule 42 and 43 signals;

iii. One mile sign to interlocking;

iv. One mile sign to hot box detector;

v. Stop sign;

vi. OCS begins sign;

vii. Red signal between the rails;

viii. Stop signal displayed by a flagman;

ix. A switch not properly lined for the movement affected;

x. One mile to Cautionary Limit Sign; and

xi. Cautionary Limit Sign.

(c) If prompt action is not taken to comply with the requirements of each signal indication affecting their movement, crew members must remind one another of such requirements. If no action is then taken, or if the employee controlling the engine is observed to be incapacitated, other crew members must take immediate action to ensure the safety of the movement, including stopping it in emergency if required.

35. Emergency Protection

This rule does not authorize main track occupancy or track work.

(a) Any employee discovering a hazardous condition, which may affect the safe passage of a movement, must by the use of flags, lights, fusees, radio, telephone, or other means, make every possible effort to stop and/or provide necessary instructions to any movement that may be affected. Flag protection must be provided on main track unless or until otherwise relieved of the requirement.

(b) A flagman must go the required distance from the condition, and in each direction when possible, to ensure that an approaching movement will have sufficient time and distance to be able to stop before the condition. Unless otherwise provided, a flagman must go at least two miles from the condition to a location where there will be an unobstructed view of the flagman from an approaching movement. When a movement is observed approaching, the flagman must display a stop signal using a red flag by day or a lighted red fusee by night or when day signals cannot be plainly seen. The flagman must continue to display a stop signal until the movement being flagged has:

i. acknowledged the stop signal with engine whistle signal 14 (b) (two short);

ii. come to a stop; or

iii. reached the location of the flagman.

(c) A movement stopped by a flagman must not proceed until so instructed by the flagman.

(d) A flagman must be equipped with a red flag and eight red fusees. The presence of an unbroken seal verifies that the flagging equipment kit is properly supplied.

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